Provoking Factors continued:

• Postprandial occurrence favors esophageal pain, as does the occurrence of regurgitation, heartburn and dysphagia.
• What we often refer to as "esophageal spasm" is only rarely due to true spasm.
• Studies have shown spasm in only 3% of patients with esophageal pain.
• A hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, however, was identified in 61%.